Tuberculosis, often abbreviated as TB, stands as a significant infectious disease predominantly affecting the lungs, although it possesses the capability to influence other parts of the body as well. This condition is engendered by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its mode of transmission is primarily airborne, which underscores the ease with which it can spread from one individual to another. Specifically, when a person who harbours active TB engages in activities such as coughing, sneezing, or speaking, they inadvertently release these bacteria into the air, creating a potential risk for others who might inhale these contaminated air particles, thus facilitating the transmission of the disease. The array of symptoms associated…

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a severe disorder that leads to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, primarily affecting skeletal muscles used for movement and the cardiac muscle. This condition is a form of muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. DMD is distinguished by its early onset, usually in childhood, and its rapid progression compared to other forms of muscular dystrophy. The Genetic Basis of DMD At the core of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic anomaly on the X chromosome affecting the dystrophin gene, which is crucial for maintaining muscle cell integrity. Dystrophin is a protein that acts as a shock…

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) represent a multifaceted collection of inherited connective tissue disorders, fundamentally characterized by anomalies in the structure, production, and processing of collagen. This protein’s pivotal role in providing strength and elasticity to skin, ligaments, and blood vessels makes its disturbance a source of considerable medical concern. The resultant spectrum of clinical manifestations is broad, encompassing skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility, which can affect various organ systems to varying degrees of severity. Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome frequently experience issues with their hand and wrist joints. Typical clinical features involve skin that is soft, smooth, and slightly hyperextensible, accompanied by a tendency to bruise easily yet heal normally.…

Sarcoidosis represents a complex and multifaceted condition that manifests through the formation of granulomas, which are small clusters of inflammatory cells, within various organs throughout the body. This disease is characterized by its unpredictability in terms of organ involvement, severity, and the course it takes, varying greatly from individual to individual. At its core, sarcoidosis is an immune response gone awry, with the body’s immune system mistakenly attacking its own tissues and organs, leading to the formation of these granulomas. While these can develop in any organ, they predominantly affect the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, and skin, but can also impact the liver, heart, and brain, albeit less commonly. The…

Across the globe, an estimated 300 million individuals grapple with the complexities of living with a rare disease. This figure, which accounts for approximately 3.5 to 5.6 percent of the worldwide population, sheds light on a significant yet often overlooked segment of our society. Rare Disease Day, observed today on February 29th, serves as a pivotal moment to amplify awareness and mobilize support for those affected by these uncommon conditions. The majority of rare diseases, with over 72 percent being genetically rooted, present a spectrum of challenges that underscore the urgency for enhanced research, diagnostic processes, and access to care. One of the most formidable obstacles faced by individuals with…

Crohn’s disease and colitis, often grouped under the umbrella term ‘inflammatory bowel diseases’ (IBD), represent a significant challenge in the field of gastroenterology. Despite their prevalence and impact, misconceptions and uncertainties about these conditions persist. This article aims to demystify Crohn’s and colitis, delving into their pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and the lived experiences of those affected. At the core, Crohn’s disease and Colitis are chronic conditions characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, they exhibit distinct patterns of inflammation and affected areas. Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the GI tract, from mouth to anus, but commonly targets the end of the small intestine and the…

Dyslexia is a prevalent learning disorder that affects approximately 1 in 5 individuals. It primarily manifests as difficulty in reading due to challenges in identifying speech sounds and understanding how these sounds correlate to letters and words, a process often referred to as decoding. Though sometimes termed a reading disability, it is crucial to understand that dyslexia does not reflect a person’s intelligence or potential. Instead, it stems from distinct differences in the areas of the brain that are responsible for processing language. The human brain is an intricate organ, and the way it processes information can vary significantly from one individual to another. In the case of dyslexia, these…