Ovarian Cancer | Dr. Ali Ghahary

Who Gets Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is more prevalent in older women, with the majority of ovarian cancers diagnosed in women over the age of 50. However, it can affect women of all ages. While it accounts for only about 3% of cancers in women, ovarian cancer causes a higher number of deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase a woman’s risk of developing ovarian cancer:

Age: Older age increases the risk, with most cases diagnosed in women after menopause.
Genetic mutations: BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are known to elevate the risk of ovarian and breast cancers.
Family history: Women with close relatives (mother, daughter, or sister) with ovarian cancer have an increased risk.
Endometriosis: This condition, where the endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, can elevate ovarian cancer risk.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Some studies have linked the use of HRT after menopause to an elevated risk.
Reproductive history: Women who started menstruating early or reached menopause later have an increased risk. Those who have never been pregnant also face a higher risk.
Other factors: A history of breast cancer, tall height, obesity, and use of fertility treatments have been associated with a slightly increased risk.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Unfortunately, early-stage ovarian cancer rarely displays symptoms. In more advanced stages, symptoms may include:

Abdominal bloating or swelling
Quick feeling of fullness when eating
Weight loss
Discomfort in the pelvic area
Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
A frequent need to urinate

It’s crucial to note that these symptoms can also be related to many non-cancerous conditions. Regular check-ups and timely consultation with a healthcare provider are essential.

Diagnosis and Staging

When ovarian cancer is suspected based on symptoms or other tests, several diagnostic procedures can be employed:

Physical examination: A pelvic examination can detect changes in the shape or size of the ovaries.
Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI might be used to visualize the ovaries.
Blood tests: Tests for cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) can be indicative, though not definitive, for ovarian cancer.
Biopsy: Tissue samples from the ovaries are examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.

Staging ranges from stage I (limited to one or both ovaries) to stage IV (cancer has spread beyond the abdominal area).

Treatment

Treatment strategies are typically based on the stage and type of ovarian cancer, overall health, and individual preferences. They may include:

Surgery: Removal of the affected ovary or both ovaries, often along with the fallopian tubes, uterus, nearby lymph nodes, and other abdominal tissues.
Chemotherapy: Drugs designed to kill cancer cells might be administered intravenously or directly into the abdominal cavity.
Targeted therapy: These focus on specific weaknesses present within cancer cells.
Hormone therapy: Treatments that alter hormone production can be effective against certain types of ovarian cancer.

Prevention

While there’s no surefire way to prevent ovarian cancer, some strategies might reduce risk:

Birth control pills: Long-term use of oral contraceptives can lower risk.
Gynecologic surgery: Procedures such as tubal ligation or hysterectomy can reduce risk, but they have other risks and consequences.
Genetic counseling: For those with a strong family history or known genetic mutations, this can offer insight into the risks and potential preventive surgeries.

Ovarian cancer, while not the most common, is a significant concern due to its often late-stage diagnosis. Knowledge of its risk factors, early signs, and available treatments can empower women to make informed decisions about their health. Regular gynecological check-ups and consultations, combined with awareness, are crucial steps in managing this condition in its early stages, leading to better outcomes for affected women.