Skin Cancer: Types and Prevention

May 2, 2024 /
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In Canada, each year sees the diagnosis of approximately 80,000 cases of skin cancer, a staggering figure that underscores the necessity of public awareness, particularly as we approach the summer months. The heightened exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays during this season significantly increases the risks associated with skin damage and subsequent cancerous conditions. It is crucial, therefore, to understand the different types of skin cancers that one might encounter, which include:

  • Actinic Keratosis
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
  • Malignant Melanoma

Each type of skin cancer comes with its own set of causes, affected areas, and warning signs.

Actinic Keratosis, primarily caused by chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation, frequently manifests on areas of the body most exposed to sunlight, such as the scalp, face, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and back. Prevalent in adults over 45, especially those with fair skin, light hair, freckles, and a propensity to burn easily, AK is often considered an early stage of Squamous Cell Carcinoma. This underscores the vital importance of early detection and treatment, as the condition typically presents as scaly, plaque-like patches that can range in colour from brown to red.

Basal Cell Carcinoma, which accounts for 90% of all diagnosed skin cancer cases in Canada, originates in the epidermis due to prolonged exposure to both natural and artificial ultraviolet light, including sunlight and tanning beds. This form of skin cancer is most commonly found on the scalp, face, ears, neck, back, and shoulders, with risk factors extending beyond sun exposure to include genetics and immune system-related conditions. BCC can affect any age group but is predominantly diagnosed in individuals over 40. Early indicators include non-healing sores that may bleed or ooze for extended periods, sometimes accompanied by pain or itchiness, as well as shiny or bumpy skin lesions.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma, the second most prevalent type of skin cancer after BCC, also results from excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, either from the sun or tanning devices. It may also arise from burns, scars, and exposure to certain chemicals or chronic skin inflammation. This type of cancer typically affects areas that have been frequently exposed to the sun, and common symptoms include wart-like growths, persistent scaly red patches, or open sores that signify underlying skin damage such as wrinkling, pigment changes, and loss of elasticity.

Malignant Melanoma, although the most serious and deadliest form of skin cancer, offers a beacon of hope through early detection and treatment. Responsible for over 900 deaths annually in Canada, it typically begins as new moles or changes in the appearance of existing moles or freckles. These alterations may involve shifts in shape, colour, or overall texture, often developing over weeks, months, or even years.

To mitigate the risk of developing skin cancer, it is imperative to adopt protective measures against UV radiation. Contrary to the belief that minimal exposure poses little danger, even brief encounters with UV rays can be detrimental. I strongly advise the use of sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 15, which can block up to 93% of UVB radiation, while an SPF of 30 blocks around 97%. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid tanning beds, wear wide-brimmed hats to protect the scalp, and sunglasses to shield the eyes. Any skin abnormalities should be promptly reported to healthcare professionals, ensuring the best possible outcome through early intervention.