Ovarian Cancer: What You Need to Know
Ovarian cancer is a group of distinct malignancies that originate in or near the ovaries, which are the female reproductive glands located in the lower abdomen on either side of the uterus. These essential organs are responsible for producing eggs (ova) for reproduction, as well as the crucial female hormones oestrogen and progesterone. The ovaries are composed of three primary cell types: epithelial cells, which form the outer surface of the ovary; germ cells, found within the ovary and responsible for egg production; and stromal cells, which comprise the structural tissue that maintains the ovary’s integrity. Each of these cell types has the potential to develop into a different type of tumour, leading to the broad classification of ovarian cancers based on their cellular origin. It is important to note that while ovarian tumours can be benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous) ovarian tumours have the ability to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, potentially resulting in serious health consequences.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
While every individual born with ovaries carries some risk of developing ovarian cancer, certain factors can significantly increase one’s susceptibility to this disease. Age, ethnicity, and genetics play crucial roles in determining an individual’s risk profile, and it is worth noting that those who have previously been diagnosed with breast cancer face an elevated risk of ovarian cancer as well. Recognizing the symptoms of ovarian cancer is vital for early detection and improved treatment outcomes, although this can be challenging due to the often vague and nonspecific nature of the symptoms. Common indicators may include persistent bloating, abdominal or pelvic pain and discomfort, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, and changes in urinary habits. Less frequent symptoms can encompass alterations in bowel habits, nausea, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, postmenopausal bleeding, menstrual irregularities, back pain, indigestion, pain during intercourse, and bleeding after sexual activity.
Diagnosing Ovarian Cancer
The diagnosis of ovarian cancer presents numerous challenges, primarily due to the absence of a reliable screening test and the lack of a single, definitive diagnostic tool. The symptoms associated with ovarian cancer often mimic those of more common and benign conditions, further complicating the diagnostic process. Moreover, the most prevalent form of ovarian cancer tends to spread when the cancer cells are still microscopic, often before any noticeable symptoms manifest. Consequently, ovarian cancer is frequently diagnosed in its later stages (Stages 3 and 4), which can have a detrimental impact on survival rates. It is crucial to dispel the common misconception among Canadians that the HPV vaccine and Pap test, which are associated with cervical cancer prevention and detection, are effective against ovarian cancer. While significant global research efforts are underway to develop a reliable screening test for early-stage ovarian cancer detection, no such test currently exists with sufficient sensitivity. Therefore, it is imperative for individuals experiencing persistent symptoms lasting three weeks or more to consult their physician promptly. Diagnostic procedures that may aid in the detection of ovarian cancer include pelvic examinations and transvaginal ultrasounds.
Treating Ovarian Cancer
The treatment approach for ovarian cancer is highly individualized, taking into account factors such as the stage and grade of the cancer, the type and size of the tumour, the patient’s age and overall health, and whether it is a new or recurring diagnosis. Surgery often serves as the initial step in treating most ovarian cancers and plays a crucial role in staging the disease. During the surgical procedure, the tumour is removed and subsequently examined by a pathologist to determine the stage and grade of the ovarian cancer, which informs the gynecologic oncologist’s treatment decisions. Chemotherapy is frequently employed in ovarian cancer treatment, either before or after surgery, typically involving a combination of two different drugs. The primary drug is usually a platinum-based compound, such as cisplatin or carboplatin, while the secondary drug is often a taxane, such as Taxol or Taxotere. Additional chemotherapy agents may be utilized to extend survival. Radiation therapy, which employs high-dose radiation to destroy cancer cells and damage their DNA, preventing further division and growth, can also be an effective treatment option for ovarian cancer. This approach may be particularly beneficial in cases where minimal residual cancer remains after debulking surgery or in instances of ovarian cancer recurrence.
For those seeking additional information and support regarding ovarian cancer, OvarianCanada.org serves as a valuable resource, offering comprehensive guidance and up-to-date research.
