Lung Cancer Signs and Symptoms

Lung cancer is one of the most significant health challenges facing Canadians today, with over 32,000 individuals receiving a diagnosis each year. This staggering number underscores the urgency of understanding, preventing, and treating this complex disease. Lung cancer knows no boundaries, affecting men and women, young and old, smokers and non-smokers alike. It is a stark reminder that, as long as we have lungs, we are all at risk.

While tobacco use remains the leading cause of lung cancer, accounting for the majority of cases, it is not the sole contributor. Environmental factors, such as exposure to radon gas, second-hand smoke, and air pollution, also play a role, as does a family history of the disease. Lung cancer arises when cells in the lung tissue begin to grow uncontrollably, forming tumours that can compromise the vital functions of the lungs. As the disease progresses, it can spread to other parts of the body—a process known as metastasis—making treatment more difficult and reducing the chances of survival.

One of the most troubling aspects of lung cancer is its insidious nature. In its early stages, it often presents no symptoms, allowing the disease to advance unnoticed. By the time signs become apparent, the cancer may have already spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms, when they do occur, can vary widely. Persistent pain in the chest, shoulders, back, or arms may signal the presence of a tumour, while frequent lung infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, can be a warning sign. Other symptoms include a chronic cough that does not subside, unexplained fatigue, shortness of breath, and a hoarseness in the voice.

In some cases, the symptoms extend beyond the respiratory system. A loss of appetite or unintentional weight loss can indicate the body is under significant stress. Swelling in the neck or face, dizziness, and weakness are less common but equally concerning signs. In advanced stages, the cancer can lead to bone pain or fractures, blood clots, and even wheezing caused by airway obstruction.

Given the severity of lung cancer and its often late diagnosis, awareness and early detection are crucial. Regular health check-ups and discussions with healthcare providers about risk factors can make a significant difference. Those with a history of smoking or exposure to other risk factors may benefit from low-dose CT scans, which can detect lung cancer in its earliest stages. Quitting smoking, reducing exposure to harmful pollutants, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are proactive steps everyone can take to lower their risk.

In Canada, lung cancer screening is primarily aimed at individuals deemed to be at higher risk for the disease. Eligibility criteria vary slightly between provinces, but they typically focus on factors such as age and tobacco use history. Additional considerations can include a person’s educational background, ethnicity, family history of lung cancer, personal history of other cancers, body mass index (BMI), and whether they have been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While current screening programs are generally limited to those with a history of smoking, it is essential to emphasise that lung cancer can affect anyone, even those who have never smoked.

For further information about lung cancer, available treatments, and supportive resources, visit LungCancerCanada.ca.